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Existing models for measuring the quality

This class is for the Software Quality field of the MSF.

SOFTWARE QUALITY .- According to the definition of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE Std 610-1990)
"Software quality is the degree to which a system, component or process meets the requirements and needs spécifications or customer or user expectations."

Quality can be defined as "a characteristic or attribute of a thing." In this way one could say that the quality of the products can be measured as a comparison of their characteristics and attributes. Thus, this concept can be applied to any product.


factors determining Software Quality are:
• Correction. Does what I want?
• Reliability. Does it reliably all the time?
• Efficiency. Is it run on my hardware as best you can?
• Security (Integrity). Is it safe?
• Ease of use. Is it designed to be used?.

The implementation of quality systems provide numerous benefits to companies that opt \u200b\u200bfor this strategy. Not only reduce their costs in a reasonable, but also increase their income through greater customer satisfaction and improved employee motivation.

QUALITY MEASUREMENT .- The measurement of software quality was given to improve objectives and improve software quality.
One way to make a quality measure is to observe the differences occurring in the production two identical products.
production of articles of any kind does not ensure that two of them are exactly alike. It may be necessary to make detailed comments to make variations to distinguish from each other, since they may not be obvious.
.

Some models have different metrics to evaluate product quality attributes almost always at the level of design or code.

quality * The latest models are designed to improve processes *

QUALITY MEASURES BASED ON MODELS:
Successful software measurement is related to the acquisition, definition and joint manipulation of two models:


• Empirical models
, are the ones that use direct observation or the results of experiments studied phenomenon. ◦
empirical real-world context
• Numerical models
Formalizing ◦ empiric measures

For software development we must support in empirical models.

Currently there are two most prominent and popular in Europe: ISO 9000 and EFQM model.

STANDARD ISO 9000:

Designates a set of quality standards and continuous quality management, established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Can be applied in any organization or activity aimed at the production of goods or services.
The rules include both the minimum and specific guidelines and tools for implementation, and audit methods.
The ISO 9000 specifies how an organization operates, its standards of quality, delivery times and service levels. There are more than 20 elements in the ISO standards that relate to the way operating systems.


Its implementation, although it means hard work, offers numerous advantages for companies, which have:
-standardize the activities of personnel working within the organization through documentation
-Increase customer satisfaction
-Measure and monitor process performance-Reduce

-re-processes to increase efficiency and / or efficiency of the organization in achieving its objectives
-Continually improve processes, products, efficiency, etc.
-Reduce the cost of production or services




EFQM MODEL:

In 1988 the European Business Excellence Model, known as the EFQM Model by its acronym in English (European Foundation for Quality Managment ) organization that focuses on the models of total quality management (TQM or TQM), strategies designed to optimize resources, reduce costs and improve performance, in order to constantly improve the production process.


The EFQM Model is a non-regulatory model, whose basic concept is the self-evaluation based on a detailed analysis of the performance management system to guide the organization using the criteria of the model.


This is not a contrast to other approaches (application of certain management techniques, ISO, specific industrial standards, etc..), But rather the integration of them into a scheme broad and comprehensive management.


The systematic and regular use of the EFQM model for the management team allows it to establish plans for improvement based on objective facts and the achievement of a common vision about the goals to be achieved and the tools to use . That is, its implementation is based on:


-depth understanding of the model by all levels of company management.
"The assessment of the situation the same in each of the areas.


The EFQM model consists of two parts:
* A set of criteria for business excellence covering all areas of organizational performance.
* A set of rules to evaluate the performance of the organization in each criterion. There are two sets of criteria: _The
Results (Criteria 6 to 9) represent what the organization gets for each of its stakeholders (customers, employees, Company and Investor). _The
Agents (Criteria 1 to 5) are aspects of the management system of the organization. Causes of the results. For each group of criteria is a set of rules-based assessment called RADAR logic. "

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SWIMMERS SOLUTION EXAMPLE ... Hungarian method.

redrafted the problem: competition

A 400-meter relay includes four different swimmers who swim 100 meters on back, breast, butterfly and freestyle. A coach has 6 very fast swimmers whose expected time in seconds in the individual events are given in Table

How should the coach assigned to the relay swimmers to minimize the amount of his time?

timesheets.





The graph of this graph, each swimmer is related to each of the types tioned, which indicates that the graph is overpopulated, and the view has a lot of traffic, which does not help us solve nueestro
problem ...

would be something like, being the vertices of the inzquierda each swimmer, and the right of each type of swim y  en las aristas iria indicado eltiempo que se tarda en llegar cada uno de ellos.















Segun el metodo hungaro, la mejor asignacion encontrada para resolver este problema de relevos, a manera de grafo seria la siguiente.

Como es evidente los nadadores con el numero 4 y 6,
se quedaron sin participar en el evento, pues sus tiempos no eran los ideales para soucionar el problema.
Clasificaciones de tipo de nado.
D= dorso
P= pecho
M= maripoza
L= libre

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CONTINUED ... proposed problem. PROPOSED PROBLEM

Continuacion sobre the previous entry. INITIAL GRAPH
...

This is the original graph, according to the data table
previous entry.

According to the algorithm and the data given.
THE final graph, with its optimal solution would be as follows.

final graph:

This solution is mid to run the algoritmohungaro,
and considering you is the most optimal (not unique, but the most optimal) because
relates the beginnings and endings,
in order to find the tour, produced the lowest cost.

I had doubts about the pairing of vertices, but unfortunately found

information about, related to the method hugaro, fortunately
Dr. Schaeffer me
mentioned in the previous post, and that is how I concluded that for
this solution as you will notice, the final 6 and 9 have no beginning,
and that is the conflict that can be created.

But serious as the informaciion example, that of
swimmers, where there is the same case, where swimmers
simply do not provide good times and overlap, they do not participate.

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, Hungarian method

minimum cost solution for this graph, simple and weighted undirected.

STEP BY STEP ...

Notes:

To solve a problem of allocation in which the goal is to maximize the objective function , multiply the payoff matrix by negative one (-1) and solve the problem as one of minimization, which is not the case.

In a big problem, it may be difficult to obtain the minimum number of rows needed to cover all the zeros in the matrix current cost. It can be shown that if j lines are needed to cover all zeroes, then j can be assigned only work at zero cost in the current matrix, which accounts for over when they need more lines.

If the number of rows and columns in the matrix of costs are different, the problem of allocation is unbalanced. The Hungarian method can provide an incorrect solution if the problem is not balanced, because of the above, it should balance any issues first assignment (adding rows or columns ficiticias) before resolving by the Hungarian method. ADD
I8 and I9 to equlibrar space as recommended.
* I = start, F = final. STEP 1 .-

first

Find smallest element in each row of cost matrix m * m;

a new array is constructed on by subtracting from each cost the minimum cost of each row, find for this new matrix, the minimum cost in each column.

Below is built a new matrix (called the reduced cost matrix) by subtracting the cost of each cost minimum in its column.

STEP 2 .- Draw the minimum number of lines (horizontal or vertical or both), which are required to cover all the zeros in the reduced cost matrix; if m lines are needed to cover all zeros, you have an optimal solution between the zeros of the matrix covered . If you require less than m lines to cover all zeroes, continue with step 3 .
Each horizontal line must go through the whole line (row) and each vertical line across the column.

The number of lines that needed was 6, and 6 is less

am, proceed to the next step.

STEP 3 .-

Find the smallest number that is not covered by a line on the cost matrix. Subtract the value of this number to each item covered by a line and add it to each item covered by two lines.

is deve

Finally back to step 2.

AND OUR PARENT AS FOLLOWS:

again when changing vertical and horizontal lines, we realize that the amount is the same as above, 6

and as 6 is less than m, continue with step 3.

AND IS WELL ...

As the number of lines increased by assigning numbers as indicated, now has to m = 7, therefore has an optimal solution between the zeros of the matrix covered.

GRAPH ..

So the matrix is \u200b\u200brepresented above.
Taking into account the costs that occurred at the beginning of example, in the data table.